Sadness Upper Face Only
Mouth olone appears neutral action of zygomatic minor may be present but is so slight as to be debatable. Her brows right make the rest of her face look sad. Emphasizing details the platform under the lips, darkness under the eyes suggest activity in otherwise neutral features. Mouth alone below appears neutral dark platform beneath suggests pout. Faint, horizontal middle-brow folds A . Dimple appears where corrugator attaches to skin kink in brow begins at that point B . Slight change in value...
Which Eye Has The Expression
DISTRESS INNER BROW END SLANTS UPWARD STRAIGHT-ACROSS TYPE HIGH-ARCHED TYPE The inner end of the eyebrow can be very expressive emotionally. If it drops down below a certain point see p. 66 , it indicates one sort of emotional state. If it moves above a certain point, it indicates distress. What separates these is the relationship of the inner third of the brow to the outer two-thirds. Ordinarily, the inner third lies either level with or below the rest of the eyebrow. If it moves even slightly...
Expression
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ANGER THE FACE OF RAGE Rno
Version 2 Lips stretched lower lip stretched sideways, not downward. Squared-off look to mouth shape. The face of a furious four-year-old. Both risorius platysma and lip depressor muscles are active, but neither is fully contracted. Mouth takes compromise position note dip downward in lower corner A , shown nicely in cartoon mouth at B . Same expression even simpler square mouth. Outer curve of the eye-line, rising as high as it does 2 , cleverly suggests and exaggerates effect of raised,...
ANGER THE FACE OF RAGE Fdn
You don't need two eyes to look angry. The basic anger code wide eyes, lowered brow, and shouting mouth is equally as recognizable on the face of a one-eyed monster as on a human face. Legendary animator Ray Harry-hausen's cyclops resembles the woman pictured below its single eyebrow, for example, looks like hers would if they were joined in the middle. The exaggerated glare is calculated cover the upper rim of the iris and note how much less furious the cyclops seems. Using anatomy as a...
Sadness Tightlipped 1
A. Eyebrows with kink in inner third. B. Oblique across-the-lid fold. C Floating crease of zygomatic minor. D. Compression of orbicularis oris thins upper lip, bulges out lower. F. Mouth widened by risorius platysma. G. Signature wrinkle of triangularis. These two men are expressing their sadness quite differently. The sadness in the face of the man on the left is quite subtle. Just enough of the grief pattern is visible in his eyebrows and eyes to suggest his distress depending on how you see...
The Muscles Of Expression
We have ways of making you laugh. Dr. Duchenne of Bologna, a nineteenth-century French scientist, became famous for his explorations of muscle function using electrical stimulation. In his book Mecanisme de la physionomie humaine, he illustrated the actions of many of the facial muscles by photographing subjects whose faces he stimulated with electrified needles it's said to be a very unpleasant feeling . Here Duchenne demonstrates the action of the zygomatic major, touching the ends of the...
Sadness Examples From Art
Sadness Ax d the Art of Portraiture_ Because the expression of sadness can be so slight, it crosses that imaginary line that separates expressions of crises and extremity from those that seem more commonplace, more part of a long-term mood. Sadness would not seem out of place in a formal portrait the way fear or surprise might. It would certainly have a compelling effect. Part of the fascination of a portrait is our interest in drawing conclusions from the face about personality of the sitter....
Sadness On The Verge Of Tears 1
The drawings on these two pages seem like a sequence with the last picture missing the one where she bursts into tears. Unlike the neutral face above, we tend to see the face with so much activity opposite as leading up to something. In the final stage, the weeping face, the eyes will tightly shut. Sad eyes look out at the world through partly shuttered lids. The orbicularis oculi is partially contracted, creating crow's feet, raised lower lids compare sad iris shape with that of relaxed eye...
Contraction Of The Eyelid Portion Only
When only the eyelid portion of orbicularis oculi contracts, the main effect is to narrow the eye opening. The difference in appearance compared to simply closing the eye has to do with the lower lid. It straightens, rises up the eye, and covers the iris almost up to lower edge of pupil. This is how eyes look in first stage of a smile. There's also a little extra bulge below eyes A this is better defined when more of orbicularis oculi contracts.
Tracking The Upward Gaze
When we look up, the eye reshapes itself in large and small ways to accommodate the movement. Even the obvious lifting of the iris has a subtle aspect the foreshortening of the iris into an ellipse. The first stage of the upward gaze B is the most difficult to capture. Great care must be taken to get the angle of the upper lid right, and to raise the iris high in relation to the inner eye corner. Note how in drawings A D, the iris is cut by the upper lid line in the same place no matter how it...
She Loves Me She Loves Me Not
Romance seems to be the furthest thing from the mind of the young woman in this poster for a movie about adolescent love. Though the young man shows the proper readiness for a tender kiss, her face seems to be registering disgust. Kissing is normally an action that makes very few demands on the facial muscles. We close our eyes, open our mouths, and make contact. The problem here is that there are no less than three separate cues that her sneering muscles are active. It's safe to assume that...
Sadness Examples From Art 1
Mary Cassat's portrait of a little girl depicts a very distinct pout. And yet the mouth has very little to do with it. The mouth is ambiguous the lip line is wrong for a pout it doesn't rise in the middle the under-the-lip detail is more suggestive. What clinches the expression is the eye on the right and its brow. Looked at by itself, the eye and brow appear sad the brow is upturned, the upper lid oblique. The other eye and brow are neutral the brow is borderline but in this case, one active...
Looking More Closely At The Jaw 1
As the head turns, the body of the aw appears to shorten. On the far side of the face, the foreshortened body B appears to go in almost the same direction as the vertical ramus C . A slight change in direction is maintained, and the chin appears almost flat. In profile, the aw appears as a bent L-shape, consisting of the almost vertical ramus D and the almost horizontal body. The back edge of the ramus points at the front of the ear. The chin has an in-and-out shape because of the canine fossa...
Muscles of the Brow
Considering how much can be expressed by the eyes and brow, it is surprising that there are only five muscles responsible for it all two under the forehead and brow, and three surrounding the eye. Our control over these muscles is so fine-tuned that we can express virtually the whole range of emotions with just a little twist here, a little lift there our perception is so practiced that we can instantly recognize the differences. The frontalis lifts the eyebrows straight up the forehead,...
Sadness On The Verge Of Tears
Though almost seventy years of age separate these two individuals below , their expressions are strikingly similar. Both seem on the verge of tears. The primal expressions, including sadness, do not vary throughout life. A. Bunching of corrugator, creating crescent-shaped mound around inner eyebrow. B. Oblique skin fold across upper lid. C. Mouth stretched sideways, exposing lower teeth. D. Flattened, rumpled chin owing to mentalis. When all lower teeth show, it's a bad sign. It's also a sign...
Looking Sideways
Depicting the sidelong glance presents few technical problems for the artist. These illustrations demonstrate, though, that more changes in the eye than simply the iris moving to the side. The shape of the eye itself alters depending on the iris position. The rule is that the high point of the arch of the upper lid is always above the iris it's lifted by the cornea . The lower lid, however, changes very little as the iris shifts. The net effect of the modifications is that the eye alters in...
The Angle Of The Upper Lid
One way to find out if the eye is looking slightly up or down is to compare the iris' position to the level of the inner eye corner line . In a level gaze, the line indicated will cross the lower part of the iris looking down, the middle of the iris crosses the line looking up, the iris' lower part rises past the line. The angle of the upper lid has a great effect on the way we perceive the eye. It's a key element in telling the extra-wide eye from the neutral eye more important than the white...
The Closed Mouth Five Muscles
If the corrugator makes us human, the levator labii superioris, the sneering muscle, is the muscle that makes us obnoxious. If there was a popularity contest for facial muscles, this one would lose, hands down there's no elegant or flattering or nice way to use this muscle. We tend to use it when we think something stinks, literally. Or when we're furious. Or when we're crying our hearts out. What the levator labii superioris does in particular is to lift the upper lip in a sneer. The lip...
The Nose
It's hard to say too much about the eye when it comes to the nose, people lose interest a little more quickly. In fact, this lack of excitement over the nose is carried to an extreme in fashion illustration. It's not unusual for fashion illustrators to omit the nose entirely, leaving the more fashionable mouth and eyes to carry on without it. Even when included, the fashion nose is often little more than a flick of the brush. I won't argue that the nose is of much account in facial expression....
Muscles Of The Brow And Eye
The eyes and brow together are easily the most magnetic and compelling part of the face. There seems to be something almost magically responsive and alive in the organ of vision. We instinctively feel that the eyes provide our most direct link to the person within. The brows too seem to have a life of their own. We can be responsive to the subtlest of shifts in the eyes and brow, measurable in mere fractions of an inch. For example, if you're talking to someone and his or her eyes shift past...
Rembrandt Sketches
Charlesy Pve had it with you and your goddam gt moods Charlesy Pve had it with you and your goddam gt moods There is no landscape that we know as well as the human face. The twenty-five-odd square inches containing the features is the most intimately scrutinized piece of territory in existence, examined constantly, and carefully, with far more than an intellectual interest. Every detail of the nose, eyes, and mouth, every regularity in proportion, every variation from one individual to the...
Anger The Eyes From A Distance
M MM ' gt ' We don't need a lot of detail to read the expression in the gunman's eyes. They seem to glow out of the television fuzz, making even more sinister a sinister scene. Instinctively, we are reading the negative shapes of the eye whites as the signal of menace. The high contrast of the whites to the dark center of the eyes, and to the dark eyelid margin, allows the expressive shapes to communicate even at a distance. SHAPE ALONE INDICATES WIDENED EYE, LOWERED BROW, STRAIGHT LOWER LID....
The Skull Simplified
The skull is the most important of the deep forms that give shape to the face. Differences between one person and another are largely a result of differences in the skull. The skull determines the shape of our head and the location of our features. Hallowe'en and horror films aside, it is a beautiful and fascinating structure. Part of an artist's training is to carefully observe and draw the skull from a variety of angles a plastic skull can be used . Eventually, the skull's basic framework is...
The Face Behind The Face
These two faces below and right both demonstrate the expression of surprise, but they are poles apart in every other respect. The photograph below , with its mechanical recording of detail, exemplifies the literal, un-selective approach. By contrast, the shell face right has only those details that are essential to identify the expression of surprise. These essential details form the code for the expression an O-shaped mouth and widened eyes. Both elements of the code must be present for...
More About Orbicularis Oris
Attachments of incisivis. The incisivis originates on jawbones above and below the lip A and attaches to mouth corners B . Basic action is simple All sections act together, pulling mouth corners toward each other. There is a muscular knot at the mouth corner thick enough to see and to feel. You can see it in three-quarter views, where it always makes a subtle extra curve at the level of the mouth C . The knot is the group attachment of zygomatic major D , triangularis E , risorius F , and...
Looking More Closely At The Jaw
The lower border of the face is defined by the aw. A sensitive drawing will show its sharp changes in direction. Straight lines will work more effectively than curves. No matter what angle the lower aw is drawn from, it can be marked by three defining lines. The first, corresponding to the chin A , is flat from both the front and the sides. It connects on either side with the angled lines of the body of the aw B short when seen from the front, long from the side or three-quarter view. The...
ANGER THE FACE OF RAGE Hot
When someone is angry and shouting, the mouth seems to compromise between the proper shape for the production of lots of noise and a desire to expose the upper, biting teeth. Biting7' involves the sneering muscle top the upward pull of the lip off the upper teeth. This may have evolved from a real threat to use the teeth, as in the lip-curling snarl of an angry dog or cat. Producing lots of noise requires shaping the lips for speech. The depressor labii inferioris and the orbicularis oris are...
Perspective And The Mouth
For some reason people are mortally afraid of the subject of perspective in a way they never are of anatomy or proportion, both equally technical. It's all how you approach it. Perspective is basically the science of how point of view affects the way we see the physical world. Point of view affects the way the mouth looks in two main respects 1. The curve of the line between the lips is straight when the mouth is on our eye level, an upward arc when the head is tipped up, a downward one when...
The Eyes Converge Near Vs Far Gaze 1
There are only two differences between these two drawings the openness of the eyes and the separation of the irises. The face on the left, with more open eyes and irises centered in the eye, seems more outward looking. The face on the right, with eyes slightly more closed and irises slightly more separated, seems much more detached. We speak of someone with this look as gazing inward, or, less kindly, of being spaced out. This wall-eyed gentleman may not have been as wall-eyed as he looks. The...
Wrinkles Up Close 1
Looked at closely, no two wrinkles are alike. They differ in shape, in length, in spacing, and in depth. If drawn in even rows, they look off living form is never mechanically repetitive. Wrinkles are clearest in areas of transition between light and dark A . In lightest areas, wrinkles, unless they are very deep, will show up only faintly B . In shadows, wrinkles, unless very deep, will fade into the general gloom C . A pen-and-ink version of the same face. In this medium, achieving soft...
Eyebrows On Parade 1
No particular expression anger, sadness, joy, etc. is suggested by most of these faces just a vivid sense of liveliness and strong character.
The Expression Of Sadness
Almost all of our adult facial expressions have their roots in our very first expression the scream we made when we first emerged into this world. The facial expression of sadness is, of course, the most directly related to our original cry but certain elements of the baby's scream also appear in the expression of anger, disgust, and fear. Even laughter and joy include certain muscle contractions that we first experience in crying. The various forms of sadness weeping, dry-eyed grief, mild...
How The Mouth Changes Shape As It Opens
Carefully observing the way the mouth looks when relaxed and open will help us see more clearly the way its shape changes when we're happy, angry, or sad. The oval shape of the opening is the key. In most expressions it squares off dramatically in none except surprise is it oval. Note that as mouth drops, lower lip stretches more than upper, as it follows dropping teeth. Think of the upper lip as divided in thirds. The center third, with dip and peaks, is held in place by teeth. The outer legs...
Perspective And The Mouth 1
The lips are much shorter on the far side than the near side in three-quarter views, because they turn such a sharp corner. The lips are much shorter on the far side than the near side in three-quarter views, because they turn such a sharp corner. Perspective affects the mouth in two ways. The line between the lips is curved, but when the head is level, the curve appears straightened out A . When the head tips up or down, however, the curve becomes clear. When the head tips up, the curve is...
Wrinkles Up Close
Wrinkles on the face are very much like folds in a piece of fabric. Like drapery, they are rendered tonally, not simply with lines. Here the light is from above. The tone gradually darkens as the surface curves under. In the trough of the fold A , a heavy shadow accent occurs, with a sharp lower edge. The brightest tones B often occur right up against darkest tones. Shallow folds lack the sharp lower edge and darker tones. Often a deeper wrinkle trails off into a shallow one
The Eyes Converge Near Vs Far Gaze
We can tell from the eyes if someone is looking at something close or far away. When we look at something at very close range, the eyes rotate so that the irises can both aim directly at the subject A . This turning inward brings the irises closer together see diagram, top . The farther away the subject, the more separation between the eyes B up to a point. That point is reached when the eyes go out of convergence, the position the eyes will naturally fall into when we are looking off into...
Sadness The Pout
Much is expressed in the face of this sad little girl, but little is actually visible. Sadness can be a powerful presence, even when the signs are so subtle. Surprisingly, the eyes in isolation bottom are not sad but appear sad beneath the kinked brow top . Little creasing is visible on so young a face, but soft darkening at A and B is spot where frown lines will probably appear when she's older darkening at C and D is beginning of worry lines. In the pout, center section of upper lip and LBL...
The First Expression The Babys Cry 1
The mentalis is a companion to most of the faces of grief. When someone cries, the mentalis frequently acts with the mouth-stretcher, risorius platysma. The chin-raising muscle alternately contracts and relaxes, bowing up the center of the lower lip and wrinkling the chin when it contracts top . On either side of the raised part, the stretched lower lip goes back to being straight. The contraction of the mentalis seems to appear almost every time we're sad, whether we're crying or not. Fifteen...
The Eye In The Round
The eyeball is one of the more nearly spherical forms in nature. Its roundness shapes the surfaces surrounding it, especially the lids. An awareness of this helps give a sense of solidity to renderings of the eye. And the more solid feeling the eye, the more lifelike, the more expressive. Imagining the eye as a ball with thick, visorlike lids produces a drawing bearing close resemblance to the living eye as well as a medieval helmet . The light is visualized as falling from upper left, throwing...
Crying Closedmouth
Sadness is the only expression in which the zygomatic minor A appears. Like the other two branches of the sneering muscle, it thickens the upper lip middle and below unlike them it does nothing to the nose. Its most characteristic sign is the floating wrinkle B . In the most intense action the cheeks begin to swell, a side effect of the full contraction of the orbicularis oculi around the eye. Three interacting forces stretch and compress the mouth. The strongest action is that of the risorius...
Triangularis The Opposite Of A Smile 1
LBL has nearly doubled in length, extending well past the end of the red portion, but the lips are only slightly changed, stretching a bit at the end. LBL has pivoted down from A . Row of curved bulges, like waves approaching a shoreline, appear below mouth corner B . These are the signature wrinkles of the triangularis. The lowermost portion of the nasolabial fold deepens. The skin outside the fold is bulged out and pulled down, looking like a broad, rounded hook on the rim of the face C . Is...
Sadness Tightlipped
Nearly every expression is at times opposed by the muscle of the lips, the orbicularis oris. Its action, tight compression of the lips, is likely both an unconscious effort of restraint and a sheer physical outlet. In suppressed sadness, this action doesn't prevent the other lower-face muscles of grief from contracting, but it partly overcomes their effects a suppressed expression is often just as expressive as the unrestrained look. In the angry mouth top , the contraction of mentalis and...
The Folds Above The Mouth
The area below the nose is always marked with three strong divisions, like folds in a curtain. The folds are draped over the curving, forward-tilted form of the upper aw beneath. The curtain ends where it joins the cheeks, a border often marked by a crease. The three folds line up exactly with the three parts of the base of the nose and the three sections of the upper lip this is due to the common origin of all these forms in three tiny subdivisions in the embryo. A. Almost invisible on a...
Anger The Face Of Rage 1
Corrugator contraction pulls a horizontal fold A across the upper lid. A similar fold in sadness angles upward. Though the upper lid B line is cut off by the across-the-eyelid fold, we mentally complete its arc, observing that if extended, it would pass well above the iris. The straightness of the lower lid C adds a harsh, staring quality to the eye. Its shape is due to the contraction of the eyelid portion of the orbicularis oculi. There are three branches to the sneering muscle. In crying,...
Crying Closedmouth 1
The adult face above looks more upset than the face of the young girl opposite because the eyes are more compressed. If you cover the eyes, the difference between these two faces is less dramatic. If you cover everything but the eyes, the difference remains. In profile, these are key landmarks A. Lowered, contracted brows creating ridge above eyes note projection on outline. B. Mouth corner pulled back into face. C. Mentalis flattening and roughening chin, pushing out lower lip and creating...
The Crying Mouth
The crying mouth is much wider than a relaxed mouth because of the sideways pull of risorius platysma. It's rectangular in shape because of the upward pull on upper lip and sideways pull on lower. It's rimmed by stretched, thinned lips with sharp highlights and smoothed surfaces. It's more rounded in skin area above lips note shadows on right and framed by raised cheeks and vertical folds from nose to chin. Both the crying and laughing mouths are widened with thinned, taut lips the upper lip is...
SADNESS EXAMPLES FROM ART Tuw
Sadness lends itself well to understatement, and understatement works well in portraiture. This portrait by Hilary Holmes has no pout, no signature wrinkles, and only one feature that is not neutral the two, slightly bent eyebrows. The artist said he perceived an expression of noble melancholy after the sitter lost a close friend. In Caravaggio's interpretation, the response of Christ to his betrayal is sadness. His passive acceptance of his arrest and downward gaze lead us to see resignation...
Mentalis The Pouting Muscle
The mentalis lifts the skin over the chin. This direct action is not expressive, but the indirect action, the pushing together of the lips, is. We employ the mentalis to squash and pout our lips whenever we're sad and often when we're nervous or angry. It plays a role in the stifled smile and the facial shrug. Here its movement is isolated. In expression, it always acts in concert with other muscles. The signature wrinkle the puckered chin is always present, no matter what the expression. The...
THE FIRST EXPRESSION THE BABYS CRY Irx
The face of a bawling baby is the focal point for Rembrandt's Ganymede, capturing the moment when the child-god is snatched off to Olympus by Zeus in the form of an eagle. Curiously, the expression is more vivid in the sketch below . The dark, scrawled lines around the eyes quick notations of the wrinkling of orbicularis oculi and corrugator and the more open mouth with front teeth bared suggest a much stronger action than that visible in the painting. Nothing is more difficult than retaining...
